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ARCHIVE
Traditional and Roth IRAs Offer Choice and Flexibility
By Sarah Holden and Daniel Schrass
March 29, 2021
Individual Retirement Accounts Offer a Variety of Ways to Save
With $12.2 trillion in assets, individual retirement accounts (IRAs) represent more than one-third of total US retirement market assets and more than one-tenth of all US household financial assets. In mid-2020, 47.9 million US households, or 37.3 percent, owned IRAs (Figure 1).
- Traditional IRAs are the oldest and most common type of IRA. Accounting for 84 percent of all IRA assets, traditional IRAs are a key component of the US retirement system. Traditional IRAs were created by Congress to provide a contributory retirement savings vehicle (originally for individuals not covered by retirement plans at work) and as a place to roll over accumulations from employer-sponsored retirement plans. In mid-2020, 36.8 million US households, or 28.6 percent, owned traditional IRAs.
- Roth IRAs, which were first available in 1998, are the second most frequently owned type of IRA, held by 26.3 million US households, or 20.5 percent. Roth IRAs account for about 10 percent of all IRA assets. Congress created Roth IRAs to provide a contributory retirement savings vehicle on an after-tax (nondeductible) basis with qualified withdrawals distributed tax-free. Individuals may also invest in Roth IRAs through conversions—in a conversion, taxes are paid on assets in a non-Roth IRA that move into a Roth IRA.
Figure 1
Millions of US Households Own IRAs
*Households may own more than one type of IRA, including employer-sponsored IRAs.
Sources: Investment Company Institute Annual Mutual Fund Shareholder Tracking Survey and US Census Bureau; see “The Role of IRAs in US Households' Saving for Retirement, 2020,” ICI Research Perspective
US Households Fund Their Traditional and Roth IRAs in Different Ways
IRAs are typically opened with either contributions or rollovers.
- Contributions. Results from a nationally representative survey of US households that own traditional or Roth IRAs show that Roth IRA owners were more likely than traditional IRA owners to have made contributions. Thirty-nine percent of households owning Roth IRAs in mid-2020 made contributions in tax year 2019, compared with 24 percent of households owning traditional IRAs (Figure 2).
- Rollovers. With the proliferation of retirement accumulations that can be rolled over, whether from defined contribution (DC) accounts or as lump-sum distributions from defined benefit (DB) plans, many households that own traditional IRAs have rollovers from employer-sponsored retirement plans. Rollover activity, which helps many Americans preserve their retirement savings, has fueled recent IRA growth. IRS Statistics of Income data show rollovers of $517 billion from employer-sponsored (DC or DB) retirement plans to traditional IRAs in 2018. In mid-2020, about 22 million US households (or 59 percent of all US households owning traditional IRAs) reported that their traditional IRAs included rollover assets. By contrast, rollovers play a less important role in Roth IRAs. IRS Statistics of Income data indicate rollovers of about $13 billion into Roth IRAs in 2018, and only 21 percent of Roth IRA–owning households in mid-2020 report that their Roth IRAs contain amounts originating from employer-sponsored retirement plans.
Figure 2
Activities of US Households Owning IRAs
Percentage of IRA-owning households by type of IRA, 2020
Note: Households may own more than one type of IRA, including employer-sponsored IRAs.
Source: Investment Company Institute IRA Owners Survey; see “The Role of IRAs in US Households' Saving for Retirement, 2020,” ICI Research Perspective
IRAs Provide Access to a Wide Variety of Investments, Including Mutual Funds
Whether opened with rollovers or contributions, whether traditional or Roth, IRAs offer investors access to a world of investing. Earnings and capital gains on investments held in IRAs compound tax-free while in the accounts. IRAs can be opened through investment professionals—such as financial advisers, full-service brokerages, or insurance company representatives—or directly through mutual fund companies or discount brokers.
- Investments. Most IRA investors choose to hold stocks in their IRA portfolios, and many access the stock markets through mutual funds or exchange-traded funds (ETFs). Indeed, mutual funds were 45 percent of IRA assets at year-end 2020, with stock mutual funds representing 56 percent of those mutual fund holdings and balanced funds (which invest in stocks and bonds) another 19 percent (Figure 3).
Figure 3
More Than $12 Trillion Held in IRAs
Percentage of total, year-end 2020
Note: Components do not add to the total because of rounding.
Sources: Investment Company Institute and Federal Reserve Board; see “The US Retirement Market, Fourth Quarter 2020”
Rules Drive Different Patterns of Withdrawal Activity
Few households withdraw money from their IRAs in any given year, and most withdrawals are retirement related. Early withdrawals from either traditional or Roth IRAs typically face a 10 percent tax penalty on the taxable amount, and traditional IRA withdrawals typically are counted in taxable income. Older traditional IRA owners (previously aged 70½ or older, recently changed to aged 72 or older) are required to withdraw an annual amount based on life expectancy or pay a penalty for failing to do so; these withdrawals are called required minimum distributions (RMDs).
- Withdrawals. In tax year 2019, 27 percent of households owning traditional IRAs in mid-2020 reported taking withdrawals from their traditional IRAs (Figure 2), typically to fulfill RMDs. Indeed, 76 percent of households owning traditional IRAs in mid-2020 and taking withdrawals in tax year 2019 calculated their withdrawal amount based on the RMD. In contrast to traditional IRAs, Roth IRAs are not subject to RMDs during the lifetime of the original Roth IRA owner. As a result, withdrawal activity is much lower among Roth IRA investors. Only 5 percent of households owning Roth IRAs in mid-2020 reported taking withdrawals from these IRAs in tax year 2019.
Planning Ahead Is Important to Both Traditional and Roth IRA–Owning Households
Regardless of the type of IRA owned, more than two-thirds of IRA-owning households reported having a strategy for managing income and assets in retirement. In mid-2020, 69 percent of traditional IRA–owning households and 68 percent of Roth IRA–owning households said they have a strategy for managing income and assets in retirement (Figure 2). These households typically seek advice when building their retirement income and asset management strategy, usually from a professional financial adviser. IRA-owning households with a strategy for managing their income and assets in retirement reported that their strategy had multiple components, the most common being reviewing asset allocation, determining retirement expenses, and developing a retirement income plan.
Sarah Holden is the senior director of retirement and investor research at ICI and Daniel Schrass is an economist at ICI.
Permalink: https://www.ici.org/viewpoints/21_view_ira
TOPICS: Equity InvestingIRARetirement ResearchSavingsShareholder
All You Need Is Love…and a Spousal IRA
By Sarah Holden
February 11, 2021
As you’re racking your brain to find that perfect Valentine’s Day gift, you might want to consider, whether for yourself or your spouse, a contribution to an individual retirement account (IRA).
TOPICS: IRARetirement ResearchSavingsShareholder
Survey Confirms: Despite COVID-19, Retirement Savers Protect Their Accounts
By Sarah Holden and Daniel Schrass
February 2, 2021
A new national survey by ICI addresses how Americans responded to the financial pressure since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, with special emphasis on whether they’ve tapped their retirement accounts. The results show that a strong majority (65 percent) of US individuals did not take financial actions as a result of COVID-19.
TOPICS: 401(k)COVID-19Financial StabilityIRARetirement Research
IRA Investors Are Concentrated in Lower-Cost Mutual Funds
By James Duvall
July 30, 2020
Individual retirement accounts (IRAs) represent the largest share of assets in the US retirement market, with assets totaling $11.0 trillion at year-end 2019. As part of an ongoing effort to shed light on important insights into IRA investing, ICI is updating its analysis of expense ratios that investors pay on mutual funds in their IRAs.
TOPICS: 401(k)Bond FundEquity InvestingIRAMutual FundRetirement ResearchShareholder
Tax Filing Deadline Extended to July 15: What It Means for IRA Savers
By Christina Kilroy
June 18, 2020
On March 21, 2020, the Treasury Department and Internal Revenue Service (IRS) extended the federal income tax filing due date—also known as Tax Day—for the 2019 tax year. Workers now have until July 15 to prepare their 2019 tax returns, as well as more time to consider options to potentially reduce taxable earnings. One of the easiest and most popular ways to reduce taxable earnings is contributing to an individual retirement account (IRA).
TOPICS: IRAInvestment EducationRetirement ResearchSavingsTaxes
2020 Investment Company Fact Book: Letter from the Chief Economist
By Sean Collins
May 19, 2020
A version of this letter by ICI Chief Economist Sean Collins was released in the Institute’s 60th edition of the Investment Company Fact Book.
TOPICS: Financial MarketsFund RegulationGlobalInvestor ResearchMutual FundPolicy ResearchRetirement PolicyRetirement ResearchSavingsShareholder
The US Retirement System Is Stronger Than Critics Portray
By Paul Schott Stevens
May 18, 2020
A recent Washington Post opinion piece paints an inaccurate and misleading picture of the US retirement system by misusing data and making false assumptions. The retirement system is far stronger than portrayed.
TOPICS: 401(k)IRARetirement Research
2020 Investment Company Fact Book: Letter from the President and CEO
By Paul Schott Stevens
May 13, 2020
This ICI Viewpoints is a version of a letter from ICI President and CEO Paul Schott Stevens that was released in the 60th edition of the Investment Company Fact Book.
TOPICS: Financial MarketsFund RegulationGlobalInvestor ResearchMutual FundPolicy ResearchRetirement PolicyRetirement ResearchSavingsShareholder
Talkin’ ’Bout the Generations: ICI Research on Mutual Fund Ownership by Generation
By Michael Bogdan and Candice Gullett
December 11, 2019
Talk about the differences between generations is a hot topic in today’s cultural conversation. And the Millennial and Baby Boomer generations are in the middle of a little generational warfare. But when it comes to owning mutual funds, are there really that many differences?
TOPICS: 401(k)Equity FundEquity InvestingIRAInvestor ResearchMoney Market FundsRetirement ResearchSavings
ICYMI: A Q&A with Members of ICI's Retirement Team
November 19, 2019
For this year's 2019 Annual Report to Members, four members of ICI's retirement team sat down to discuss ICI's legislative, regulatory, research, and communications activities to advocate for well-informed public policies that help Americans prepare for retirement....
TOPICS: 401(k)Fund RegulationGovernment AffairsMutual FundRetirement PolicyRetirement ResearchShareholder
Five Key Points on 401(k) Plan Fees from ICI Research
By James Duvall and Steven Bass
October 23, 2019
Thanks to innovation and a competitive market, 401(k) mutual fund fees keep falling. ICI has a window into this information through our study of the cost of providing 401(k)s, in which we take a close look at the expenses and fees of mutual funds incurred by 401(k) plan investors, and in related research on fund fees through a collaborative research effort between ICI and BrightScope.
TOPICS: 401(k)Equity InvestingMutual FundRetirement ResearchShareholder
Happy Birthday, IRA! Congratulations on 45 Years
By Sarah Holden and Elena Barone Chism
September 12, 2019
Labor Day 2019 marked the 45th birthday of the individual retirement account (IRA). When the Employee Retirement Income Security Act was signed into law on September 2, 1974, it introduced bold steps to safeguard Americans’ employer-sponsored pensions and created the IRA.
Forty-five years later, IRAs are a significant component of US households’ retirement assets, holding $9.4 trillion in assets, or about one-third of the total US retirement market, at the end of March 2019…
TOPICS: IRAInvestor ResearchMutual FundRetirement ResearchSavingsShareholder
Critics Claim Retirement Savers Aren’t Behaving Rationally. The Data Say They Are.
By Peter Brady
August 22, 2019
In a letter to MarketWatch responding to “Opinion: This Recent Report Suggests Steady Saving for Retirement Is Not Important,” published August 14, ICI Senior Economic Adviser Peter Brady refutes claims that criticize ICI’s recent retirement research, noting that more people benefit from employer plans than is commonly understood….
TOPICS: 401(k)IRARetirement PolicyRetirement Research
IRA Investors Are Concentrated in Lower-Cost Mutual Funds
By James Duvall
August 20, 2019
Individual retirement accounts (IRAs) represent the largest share of assets in the US retirement market, with assets totaling $8.7 trillion at year-end 2018. Forty-six percent of this total is held in mutual funds, with IRA mutual fund investors primarily invested in equity funds. As part of ICI’s ongoing efforts to shed light on important insights into IRA investing, ICI is updating its analysis of expense ratios that investors pay on mutual funds in their IRAs....
TOPICS: 401(k)Bond FundEquity InvestingIRAMutual FundRetirement ResearchShareholder
Mind the Gap
By Sarah Holden and Christina Kilroy
July 22, 2019
It’s a good idea to “mind the gap” if you’re traveling on the Tube in London, taking Amtrak in the United States, or riding Metro in Paris or Washington, DC. Being mindful of the space between where you are and where you’re going is important—not only when navigating public transit, but also when saving for retirement. Saving for retirement is a career-long process, with many decisions along the way....
TOPICS: 401(k)IRAInvestment EducationMutual FundRetirement ResearchSavingsShareholderTaxes
2019 Investment Company Fact Book: Letter from the Chief Economist
By Sean Collins
May 7, 2019
Globalization has hit a few speed bumps in recent years, but it hasn't slowed the globalization of the Investment Company Fact Book. Consistent with ICI’s mission to represent the interests of regulated funds and their investors worldwide, Fact Book is expanding its international presence....
TOPICS: Financial MarketsFund RegulationGlobalInvestor ResearchMutual FundPolicy ResearchRetirement PolicyRetirement ResearchSavingsShareholder
ICI’s Quarterly Retirement Market Resource
By Miriam Bridges
April 23, 2019
ICI publishes statistics on the US retirement market every quarter as an information resource for mutual funds, individual investors, the media, policymakers, and researchers. This report includes individual retirement account (IRA) and defined contribution (DC) plan assets, including 401(k) plans, and mutual fund assets held in retirement accounts....
TOPICS: 401(k)IRAMutual FundRetirement ResearchSavings
Don’t Forget the 401(k): America’s Retirement System Helps Workers Save and Preserve Assets
By Paul Schott Stevens
February 26, 2019
In a letter to the Wall Street Journal responding to “Forget the 401(k),” published February 11, ICI President and CEO Paul Schott Stevens shows how the US retirement system actively engages employers to promote workers' retirement saving, noting that the current system also preserves choice and control of investments....
IRA: Will You Be Mine?
By Sarah Holden
February 12, 2019
As this Valentine’s Day approaches, step back and consider treating yourself or your spouse to an individual retirement account (IRA) contribution. Saving for retirement is an important household financial goal and contributing to an IRA is a good step toward providing for those later years....
TOPICS: IRARetirement Research
Growing Better with Age: The 401(k) Turns Forty
By Miriam Bridges and Christina Kilroy
November 30, 2018
This month marks the fortieth birthday of the most prevalent retirement plan available to workers today: the 401(k). It’s a milestone, to be sure, but there are no mid-life doldrums here—401(k) plans continue to grow, and currently hold $5.3 trillion in assets on behalf of more than 55 million active participants and millions of former employees and retirees.
TOPICS: 401(k)Investor ResearchPolicy ResearchRetirement PolicyRetirement ResearchSavingsShareholderTarget Date Funds
28 Trillion Smart Decisions
By Christina Kilroy
October 22, 2018
Have you ever done one small, smart thing that ended up making a huge difference in your future? I’m not talking about blind luck—like buying a ticket that turns out to be the winner in the (currently) $1.6 billion Mega Millions. No, I’m talking about small, smart decisions that can materially affect us later in life....
TOPICS: Investment EducationMutual FundRetirement ResearchSavingsShareholderTaxes
IRA Investors Are Concentrated in Lower-Cost Mutual Funds
By James Duvall
August 8, 2018
Individual retirement accounts (IRAs) represent the largest share of assets in the US retirement market, with assets totaling $9.2 trillion at year-end 2017. Forty-seven percent of this total is held in mutual funds, with IRA mutual fund investors primarily invested in equity funds. As part of ICI’s ongoing efforts to shed light on important insights into IRA investing, ICI is offering an updated analysis of expense ratios that investors pay on mutual funds in their IRAs....
TOPICS: 401(k)Bond FundEquity InvestingIRAMutual FundRetirement ResearchShareholder
2018 Investment Company Fact Book: Letter from the Chief Economist
By Sean Collins
May 15, 2018
Those of us who wear glasses know that one of the most crucial elements in seeing the world is the right lens. A bad lens warps the light and distorts the signals; the right lens sharpens the image and enhances our understanding.
This is a useful metaphor for the work that ICI Research does in providing informed analysis to guide public policy. Through our voluminous collections and surveys, we gather large amounts of data—signals about the behavior of funds, markets, and investors. But finding the patterns in these signals requires the right lens—accumulated knowledge provided by context, economic insights, and understanding of institutions.
The Investment Company Fact Book is one very visible result of this process and its many elements...
TOPICS: Financial MarketsFund RegulationInvestor ResearchMutual FundPolicy ResearchRetirement PolicyRetirement ResearchSavingsShareholder
A More Accurate Evaluation of Retirement Plan Participation
By Miriam Bridges
May 2, 2018
What’s the actual participation rate of Americans preparing for retirement through a workplace retirement plan? It’s an important question, and one that ICI economists Peter Brady and Steven Bass shed some light on in their new analysis of tax data, “Who Participates in Retirement Plans, 2014.”
The retirement plan participation rate—often used to evaluate the performance of the US voluntary employer plan system—understates the true scope and importance of these plans. In their careful analysis, Brady and Bass give two reasons for this understatement...
Invest in Your Future Through an IRA
By Christina Kilroy
March 13, 2018
Nearly 44 million US households invest and save for their future through individual retirement accounts (IRAs). If your household isn’t one, now is a great opportunity to join them. And if you are already saving in an IRA, there are some advantages that you may not be aware of—and that are worth knowing about as Tax Day approaches...
TOPICS: Investment EducationMutual FundRetirement ResearchSavingsShareholderTaxes
Americans: In Defined Contribution We Trust
By Sarah Holden
March 8, 2018
Millions of Americans personally direct their retirement investments in defined contribution (DC) plans, which account for nearly $8 trillion in savings. Because it is vitally important that regulators, policymakers, and employers understand the beliefs and behaviors of these investors, ICI asked Americans what they thought of DC retirement plan accounts, which include 401(k) and 403(b) accounts.
The results, which we summarized in “American Views on Defined Contribution Plan Saving, 2017,” were clear: whether they had DC accounts or not, Americans appreciate DC plan accounts and are confident that these plans can help people meet their retirement goals...
TOPICS: 401(k)Investor ResearchRetirement PolicyRetirement Research
Fund Investors Will “Run”? Sorry, Charlie Brown
By Sean Collins and Sarah Holden
March 7, 2018
For decades, Charles Schulz kept us in suspense: surely this time, Lucy would let Charlie Brown kick the football. Nope. Every time, at the last second, she pulled the ball away—and Charlie Brown fell flat on his back.
We’ve seen the same gap between wish and fulfillment around market turmoil and mutual funds. For decades, commentators have predicted that investors in stock and bond funds, faced with market turmoil, would redeem en masse, perhaps adding to the market turmoil. Despite plenty of opportunities, that just hasn’t happened.
Stock market turmoil in February provides yet another example of this...
TOPICS: 401(k)Bond FundEquity InvestingFinancial MarketsFinancial StabilityInterest RateInvestor ResearchMutual FundRetirement ResearchTrading
Let’s Give the US Retirement System the Credit It Deserves
By Sarah Holden
December 27, 2017
The Washington Post’s latest article on the future of retirement security (“‘I Hope I Can Quit Working in a Few Years’: A Preview of the US Without Pensions,” December 23) is not a preview but a retrospective look at some of the challenges that workers face in defined benefit (DB) pension plans even at “blue-chip” firms. As documented in the article, with traditional DB plans, workers often failed to get their full promised benefits, thanks to vesting rules, back-loaded benefit accrual, business failure, and labor mobility.
TOPICS: 401(k)Financial StabilityRetirement PolicyRetirement Research
More People Are Building Nest Eggs with Their IRAs
By Sarah Holden
December 20, 2017
Individual retirement account (IRA) owners are good stewards of their money. They take a thoughtful approach to preparing for retirement by taking advantage of the dual role of IRAs and by researching important investment decisions, according to recent research from ICI. These are among the findings from “The Role of IRAs in US Households’ Saving for Retirement, 2017,” which details ICI’s research on IRA-owning households.
TOPICS: 401(k)Fund RegulationInvestor ResearchMutual FundRetirement Research
In Reality, Data Tell a Different Story of Old Age in America
By Sarah Holden
October 10, 2017
“The New Reality of Old Age in America” (September 30) portrays economic security in retirement by pairing anecdotes about workers who have fared poorly with selected statistics. Comprehensive data on how our system is working overall tell a far different story: America’s retirement system enables most of today’s retirees to maintain their standards of living.
TOPICS: 401(k)Investor ResearchMutual FundPolicy ResearchRetirement PolicyRetirement ResearchSavingsShareholder
It’s National 401(k) Day!
By Sarah Holden
September 8, 2017
ICI is marking National 401(k) Day by spotlighting the strengths of 401(k) plans and their role in the American retirement system, and by reminding workers to get the most of their own 401(k) plans.
TOPICS: 401(k)Investment EducationRetirement Research
Americans Trust in Their 401(k) Plans
By Sarah Holden
July 7, 2017
Defined contribution (DC) plans have long been a key component of Americans’ retirement savings. And with more than $5 trillion in assets and about 54 million active participants, 401(k) plans are the most common type.
TOPICS: 401(k)Fund RegulationInvestor ResearchMutual FundRetirement Research
2017 Investment Company Fact Book: Letter from the Chief Economist
By Brian Reid
April 27, 2017
Have you ever tried to put a jigsaw puzzle together without knowing what the finished work should look like? It’s difficult—even with help from family and friends. Are those blue pieces part of a peaceful lake or a cloudless sky? Are those dark pieces a forest floor or storm clouds brewing on the horizon? Without the completed picture on the puzzle box as a guide, everyone has their own idea of what the completed work will look like and how to put it together.
TOPICS: Financial MarketsFund RegulationGovernment AffairsInvestor ResearchMutual FundPolicy ResearchRetirement PolicyRetirement ResearchShareholder
Scratch That: Why Arguments of a Broken Retirement System Are Misguided
By Peter J. Brady
April 6, 2017
What if you were given the task of designing a retirement system from scratch? In a recent paper, New York University law professor David Kamin proposes a retirement system that combines a mandatory savings floor with tax incentives to encourage savings above the mandated minimum. He is not the first to propose a new mandatory retirement plan, with others proposing that either employers be required to offer a plan or workers be required to contribute to a plan.
TOPICS: 401(k)Investor ResearchMutual FundRetirement PolicyRetirement ResearchSavings
Exemptions from Investor Protections Put California Savers at Risk
By Paul Schott Stevens
March 22, 2017
The following ICI Viewpoints is a letter to the editor by Paul Schott Stevens, president and CEO of the Investment Company Institute, in response to an editorial published on March 8, 2017, in the Los Angeles Times.
TOPICS: 401(k)Investor ResearchMutual FundRetirement PolicyRetirement ResearchSavingsShareholder
ICI Study: 55 Million US Households Own Mutual Funds
By Sarah Holden
February 24, 2017
Gathering and analyzing data about how shareholders purchase and use mutual funds are critical to ICI’s work to facilitate sound, well-informed public policies affecting funds, their investors, and the retirement markets.
TOPICS: 401(k)Investor ResearchMutual FundRetirement ResearchSavings
For “401(k) Pioneers,” No Reason for Regrets
By Paul Schott Stevens
January 10, 2017
The following ICI Viewpoints is a letter to the Wall Street Journal by Paul Schott Stevens, president and CEO of the Investment Company Institute, in response to an article published on January 3, 2017.
Dear Editor:
It may be, as you report, that “401(k) Pioneers Lament What They Started” (Page A1, Jan. 3). But the facts are clear: America’s retirement system is stronger today, in the expanding 401(k) era, than it was when defined benefit pensions were the primary vehicle for retirement savings.
TOPICS: Investor ResearchMutual FundRetirement PolicyRetirement ResearchSavingsShareholder
Ten Years After the PPA, the Path to Retirement Saving Is Easier
By Sarah Holden and Elena Barone Chism
August 22, 2016
Ten years ago, on August 17, 2006, President George W. Bush signed the Pension Protection Act (PPA) into law, with the goal of ensuring greater retirement security for American workers. With regard to defined contribution (DC) plans, such as 401(k) plans, PPA further encouraged automatic enrollment while paving the way for diversified default investments and the creation of Roth accounts inside DC plans. PPA also made permanent previously legislated contribution-limit increases and the saver’s credit.
TOPICS: 401(k)Government AffairsInvestor ResearchPolicy ResearchRetirement PolicyRetirement ResearchTaxes
Getting Started in a 401(k) Plan—and Getting the Most Out of It
By Christina Kilroy
February 26, 2016
This week, ICI and the Investment Company Institute Education Foundation (ICIEF) joined thousands of corporations, nonprofits, and government agencies to celebrate America Saves Week.
TOPICS: 401(k)Investment EducationInvestor ResearchRetirement ResearchSavings
How America Supports Retirement: The Incentive to Save Is Not Upside Down
By Peter J. Brady
February 25, 2016
In my new book, How America Supports Retirement: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom on Who Benefits, and the first three ICI Viewpoints in this series, I’ve demonstrated that Social Security’s benefit formula drives participation in tax-deferred employer-sponsored retirement plans ; that the full system of government support for retirement is progressive; and that those in higher tax brackets don’t enjoy greater “bang for their buck” from tax deferral.
TOPICS: 401(k)Government AffairsInvestor ResearchPolicy ResearchRetirement PolicyRetirement ResearchTaxes
How America Supports Retirement: What Do Tax Rates Have to Do with the Benefits of Tax Deferral? Less Than You Think
By Peter J. Brady
February 24, 2016
In my new book, How America Supports Retirement: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom on Who Benefits, I set out to gain a comprehensive view of how government policy supports American workers as they gather resources for retirement.
TOPICS: 401(k)Government AffairsInvestor ResearchPolicy ResearchRetirement PolicyRetirement ResearchTaxes
How America Supports Retirement: No, Benefits Are Not “Tilted” to the Higher Earners
By Peter J. Brady
February 23, 2016
Second in a series of ICI Viewpoints.
In my new book, How America Supports Retirement: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom on Who Benefits, I analyze the benefits individuals receive from the major government policies that help American workers accumulate resources for retirement: Social Security and tax deferral on compensation set aside for retirement in employer-based plans (both traditional pensions and defined contribution plans, such as 401(k) plans).
TOPICS: 401(k)Government AffairsInvestor ResearchPolicy ResearchRetirement PolicyRetirement ResearchTaxes
How America Supports Retirement: Tackling the Myths That Surround Us
By Peter J. Brady
February 22, 2016
America’s retirement system isn’t perfect but it’s a lot stronger than many people think. Whether by accident or design, the U.S. retirement system provides benefits to workers across the earnings distribution and has helped millions of retirees maintain their standard of living in retirement.
TOPICS: 401(k)Government AffairsInvestor ResearchPolicy ResearchRetirement PolicyRetirement ResearchTaxes
Correcting a Distorted Picture of Retirement Resources
By Peter Brady
October 21, 2015
Can 401(k) plans and individual retirement accounts (IRAs) provide the income that retirees need to supplement Social Security and enjoy a secure retirement?
TOPICS: EventsGovernment AffairsInvestor ResearchPolicy ResearchRetirement PolicyRetirement ResearchSavings
Small Savers at a Loss
By Brian Reid and Sarah Holden
September 25, 2015
As ICI has pointed out before, the proposed rule from the Department of Labor (DOL) to redefine what counts as a fiduciary relationship in the retirement market is fundamentally flawed. But it is no less flawed than the DOL’s justification for it—a Regulatory Impact Analysis that fails to demonstrate a market failure that supports the need for such a sweeping and costly rule.
TOPICS: Government AffairsInvestor ResearchPolicy ResearchRetirement PolicyRetirement ResearchSavings
2015 Investment Company Fact Book: Letter from the Chief Economist
By Brian Reid
May 4, 2015
A version of this letter by ICI Chief Economist Brian Reid was released today in our 55th edition of the Investment Company Fact Book.
This year marks the 75th anniversary of the Investment Company Act and the Investment Advisers Act—the key statutes under which mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), closed-end funds, and unit investment trusts are regulated and governed. In 1940—the same year that Congress enacted these laws—the fund industry formed the National Committee of Investment Companies, the trade group that became the Investment Company Institute (ICI).
TOPICS: Financial MarketsFinancial StabilityFund RegulationInvestor ResearchPolicy ResearchRetirement ResearchTrading
Getting the Numbers Right on Investment Advice for Retirement Savers
By Brian Reid
February 26, 2015
As the Wall Street Journal noted this morning, ICI has deep concerns about the data used in a White House memorandum to support the Department of Labor’s push for tighter standards for financial advisers who help investors in employer plans—such as 401(k)s—and individual retirement accounts (IRAs).
TOPICS: Government AffairsMutual FundRetirement PolicyRetirement Research
What’s Driving Retirement Plan Access?
By Peter Brady
October 17, 2014
Most workers who are likely to have the ability to save and who are focused primarily on saving for retirement have access to an employer-sponsored retirement plan—and nearly all of these workers choose to participate.
TOPICS: Government AffairsInvestor ResearchPolicy ResearchRetirement PolicyRetirement ResearchSavings
Statement of the Investment Company Institute at Senate Finance Committee Hearing on “Retirement Savings 2.0: Updating Savings Policy for the Modern Economy”
By Brian Reid
September 16, 2014
This statement was given on behalf of ICI by Brian Reid, chief economist, at the Senate Finance Committee’s hearing on “Retirement Savings 2.0: Updating Savings Policy for the Modern Economy.” For more information, see ICI’s full written testimony.
TOPICS: 401(k)Government AffairsInvestor ResearchMutual FundRetirement PolicyRetirement ResearchSavingsTaxes
Happy Birthday ERISA! Congratulations on 40 Years
By Sarah Holden and Elena Barone Chism
September 2, 2014
Today marks the 40th birthday of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA). Signed into law on September 2, 1974, ERISA introduced bold steps to safeguard Americans’ employer-sponsored pensions and created the individual retirement account (IRA). Assets earmarked for retirement totaled $0.4 trillion at year-end 1974 (see the figure below). At this modest start, private-sector defined benefit (DB) plans accounted for 35 percent of the total; federal, state, and local plans for 34 percent; private-sector defined contribution (DC) plans for 17 percent; annuities for 13 percent; and there was a mere glimmer of IRA assets by year-end. Currently, total U.S. retirement assets are $23.0 trillion, and their composition has shifted considerably over the past 40 years.
TOPICS: 401(k)Fixed IncomeGovernment AffairsInvestment EducationInvestor ResearchPolicy ResearchRetirement PolicyRetirement ResearchSavingsTaxesTreasury
Unconventional Wisdom on Retirement Preparedness
By Peter Brady
August 4, 2014
How well are Americans planning and saving for retirement? This is an important question to answer—but also vexingly difficult.
TOPICS: EventsGovernment AffairsInvestor ResearchPolicy ResearchRetirement PolicyRetirement ResearchSavings
The Real Lessons to Be Learned from 1994’s Bond Market
By Brian Reid
July 29, 2014
A recent “Heard on the Street” column in the Wall Street Journal (“Heeding 1994's Bond-Market Lesson,” July 27, 2014) is correct in saying that there’s a lesson to be learned from the 1994 bond market—but it draws the wrong lesson.
TOPICS: Bond FundBondsFederal ReserveFinancial MarketsFinancial StabilityFixed IncomeFund RegulationInterest RateMutual FundRetirement ResearchSavingsTradingTreasury
Some Facts About Roth IRAs and the Investors Who Use Them
By Todd Bernhardt
July 17, 2014
Since the individual retirement account (IRA) was created as part of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), it has become a resounding success, accounting for the largest pool of assets in the U.S. retirement market. By the end of 2013, Americans held $6.5 trillion in IRAs, with 45 percent of that total—$3.0 trillion—invested in mutual funds.
TOPICS: Bond FundEquity InvestingFixed IncomeInvestment EducationInvestor ResearchMutual FundRetirement ResearchSavings
The Status of Global Retirement Savings: Taking Stock, Moving Forward
By Dan Waters
December 20, 2013
Around the world, as systems for building retirement resources come under increasing pressure, countries of every size and economic situation are facing long-term savings challenges. To meet these challenges, it is critical that pension industry experts, policymakers, and fund industry representatives learn from one another and share solutions that put the needs of savers first.
TOPICS: EventsICI GlobalInternationalRetirement PolicyRetirement Research
Yes, DC Follies Hurt Retirement Savers—But Let’s Not Overstate
By Brian Reid
October 10, 2013
“Debt ceiling follies” certainly do put retirement savers and their assets at risk. On that, ICI agrees with a recent Washington Post blog.
TOPICS: 401(k)Financial MarketsMutual FundRetirement ResearchSavings
CAP Claims About the 401(k) System Are Misguided
By Paul Schott Stevens
September 4, 2013
The concerns of the Center for American Progress about the 401(k) system (covered August 20 in “A Better Way to Save for Retirement?”) are mistaken.
TOPICS: 401(k)Retirement PolicyRetirement ResearchSavings
Featured Chart: 401(k) Participants Hold Lower-Cost Mutual Funds
By Sarah A. Holden
June 14, 2013
One key takeaway from ICI’s recent paper, The Economics of Providing 401(k) Plans: Services, Fees, and Expenses, 2012, is that 401(k) investors in mutual funds tend to hold lower-cost funds with below-average portfolio turnover.
TOPICS: Retirement Research
Americans Support Their 401(k)s
By Mike McNamee
April 25, 2013
It’s pretty obvious to anyone who reads ICI Viewpoints that we believe 401(k) plans are a successful part of an overall retirement system that is working for working—and retired!—Americans. But we’re far from the only ones who think so. Surveys show that Americans share this confidence in the 401(k) and support the key features of 401(k)s and other defined contribution (DC) plans.
TOPICS: 401(k)Retirement PolicyRetirement Research
The Facts on Fees and 401(k)s
By Mike McNamee
April 23, 2013
Consistently falling prices in a marketplace are usually a sign of competition and innovation.
TOPICS: 401(k)Retirement PolicyRetirement Research
The Facts on Limited Access to Retirement Funds Before Retirement
By Mike McNamee
April 22, 2013
One of the many strengths of the 401(k) system is its flexibility. Policymakers have built into 401(k) plans a careful mix of incentives that help workers save and preserve their savings for retirement—while still allowing limited access to their funds, in case of need, through hardship withdrawals and loans.
401(k) Plans Work in a Balanced Approach to Retirement Security
By Mike McNamee
April 19, 2013
What’s the outlook for American workers looking forward to retirement?
TOPICS: 401(k)Retirement PolicyRetirement Research
No Accident: The Strengths of the 401(k) System
By Mike McNamee
April 18, 2013
Americans have saved $5.1 trillion dollars in 401(k) and other defined contribution (DC) retirement plans—plus another $5.4 in individual retirement accounts (IRAs) that are funded largely by assets rolled over from DC and other employer retirement plans.
TOPICS: 401(k)Retirement PolicyRetirement Research
IRA Rollovers Serve Investors Well
By David Abbey and Sarah Holden
April 12, 2013
The U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) is preparing to reintroduce its controversial proposal to revise the long-standing definition of “fiduciary” under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA).
Extra, Extra, Read All About It: Americans Are Preparing for Retirement
Mike McNamee
February 20, 2013
Data and academic research overwhelmingly show that Americans are taking care to prepare for retirement.
TOPICS: 401(k)Retirement Research
A Look at Traditional IRA Investors’ Withdrawal Activity
By Sarah A. Holden
July 31, 2012
When and how do households take withdrawals from their traditional individual retirement accounts (IRAs)? Shedding light on these questions is the goal of the latest installment of our IRA Investor Profile series, an ICI Research undertaking that analyzes account-level data of more than 7 million traditional IRAs.
TOPICS: Retirement Research
Article in The Week Misrepresents Americans’ View of 401(k)s
By Sarah Holden
April 26, 2012
Contrary to recent reporting by The Week (“401(k)s Are Failing Millions of Americans,” April 22, 2012), American workers both value their 401(k) retirement savings plans and are confident that 401(k)s will help them meet their retirement goals.
TOPICS: 401(k)Retirement Research
Featured Chart: Americans Say Retirement Saving Incentives Should Be a National Priority
By Sarah A. Holden
January 26, 2012
Stresses on the U.S. government budget have resulted in a reexamination of national priorities with respect to taxes and government spending. Against that backdrop, our survey of 3,000 U.S. households for our recent research report—America’s Commitment to Retirement Security: Investor Attitudes and Action—contained a new question. Households were asked: “Do you agree that continuing to provide incentives to encourage retirement saving should be a national priority?”
TOPICS: Retirement Research
Deloitte/ICI Study Shows Retirement Plan Fees Driven Primarily by Plan Size, Asset Allocation
By Sarah Holden
November 16, 2011
According to a comprehensive new study, primary factors driving fees in 401(k) and other defined contribution retirement plans are the number of plan participants and average participant account balance, as well as the allocation of plan assets to equity investment options.
TOPICS: 401(k)Policy ResearchRetirement Research
New York Times Editorial Misrepresents the Behavior of 401(k) Investors
By Brian Reid
August 23, 2011
Data Show Americans’ Commitment to Retirement Saving
By Sarah A. Holden
May 17, 2011
Despite the financial ups and downs of recent years, 401(k) participants have proven themselves both steady and committed to retirement saving.
ICI has a window into this commitment thanks to our surveys, conducted since 2008, of a cross section of recordkeeping firms representing a broad range of defined contribution (DC) plans and covering more than 23 million employer-based DC retirement plan participant accounts as of December 2010.
TOPICS: Retirement Research
Who Gets Retirement Plans and Why
By Peter Brady and Michael Bogdan
March 25, 2011
Most workers who are likely to have the ability to save and to be focused primarily on saving for retirement have access to employer-provided retirement plans, according to research we just released.
TOPICS: Retirement Research
Wall Street Journal Story Inaccurately Portrays the Role of 401(k) Plans
By Sarah A. Holden
February 24, 2011
The February 19 Wall Street Journal article, “Retiring Boomers Find 401(k) Plans Fall Short,” is based upon a narrow slice of statistics and anecdotes, painting an inaccurate portrait of the role of 401(k)s in retirement.
TOPICS: 401(k)Retirement Research
Factors Behind Recent Growth in Retirement Assets
By Sarah A. Holden
February 17, 2011
Last month, we published The U.S. Retirement Market: Third Quarter 2010. The report showed that U.S. retirement assets rose nearly $1 trillion, or 6.1 percent, to $16.6 trillion in the third quarter of 2010.
TOPICS: Retirement Research
New ICI Research Shows Americans’ Commitment to Retirement Security
By Sarah A. Holden
January 27, 2011
Following the start of the financial crisis, we began closely monitoring the behavior of investors in defined contribution retirement (DC) plans, as well as the views of U.S. households of those plans.
TOPICS: Retirement Research
New ICI Report Shows the Key Role IRAs Play in U.S. Retirement Saving
By ICI Viewpoints
December 1, 2010
Americans are accumulating significant resources in individual retirement accounts (IRAs) largely through rollovers from employer-sponsored retirement plans, according to an ICI report published today.
TOPICS: Retirement Research
EBRI/ICI: Average 401(k) Account Balance Among Consistent Participants Rose Nearly 32 Percent in 2009
By ICI Viewpoints
November 22, 2010
The average 401(k) retirement account rose 31.9 percent in 2009, according to a report released today by the Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI) and the ICI analyzing a group of consistent participants.
TOPICS: 401(k)Retirement Research
New ICI Study Finds Private-Sector Retirement Plans Play Increasingly Important Role Across All Incomes
By ICI Viewpoints
November 18, 2010
Data in a new ICI study show that across all income groups, private-sector retirement income is more prevalent among retirees today than in the mid-1970s.
TOPICS: Retirement Research
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