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ARCHIVE
Investing Basics: What Is Risk?
By Christina Kilroy
November 26, 2019
As part of the ICI Education Foundation’s 30th anniversary celebration, we will be sharing a series of ICI Viewpoints explaining a basic concept of investing, drawn from the ICI Education Foundation’s Investing Road Trip.
You invest with the hope of earning a return on your investment. That opportunity invariably involves risk, including the possibility of losing some or all of the money you invested. Understanding these risks is an essential step toward successful investing.
You could put your money in a federally insured bank account to protect against market losses—but if you want it to earn bigger returns and to grow, you’re going to need to invest it and encounter risks. As noted below, even the most conservative investments pose risks. It’s best to do your homework up-front and take on any investment with your eyes wide open.
Types of Investing Risks
Not all risks are the same, and different types of investments have different types of risk. These may include—but are in no way limited to—the following.
- Company-specific risk, a risk of stock investing, is the possibility that a company will face an adverse event affecting its stock price. Here’s an example from ICIEF’s Investing Road Trip: You own stock in a theme park company. A hurricane damages the company’s most popular park, which must close for a year. The company’s stock price falls.
- Credit risk, a risk of bond investing, is the possibility that a bond issuer will fail to pay back bondholders or otherwise meet its obligations.
- Interest rate risk can affect both stocks and bonds, as changes ininterest rates can affect the value of investments across a market. For example, if the Federal Reserve raises interest rates, the value of stocks and bonds may decrease.
- Inflation risk is the possibility that your investment won’t grow enough to keep pace with the rising costs of goods over time. This risk is particularly important to consider for conservative investments, like certificates of deposit and money market funds. Though they may seem “safe” because there’s little risk of seeing their value drop, you may be left with less real purchasing power than when you bought the investment if the rate of inflation is higher than the investment’s rate of return.
Understanding the Risks of an Investment
In the United States, companies that issue stocks and registered investment funds, such as mutual funds and exchange-traded funds (ETFs), are required to disclose investment risks on a regular basis. These risk disclosures are reported to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) through Form 10-K (for publicly traded companies) and through the prospectus and annual shareholder reports (for mutual funds and ETFs). You can research the risks of a potential investment on the SEC’s EDGAR website. If you’re investing in a mutual fund or ETF, the fund manager’s website will also provide the prospectus and annual shareholder reports, as well as historical performance and more fund information.
Assessing Your Risk Tolerance
As an investor, your first step in selecting an investment should be to consider its investment objective and how it fits with your own goals for the investment. Then, you can look at the risk profile of the investment and weigh these risks against their potential returns—and against your own personal comfort level with risk, or your “risk tolerance.”
Although the past performance of an investment cannot predict its results in the future, looking at past returns will give you an idea of its behavior in different market conditions—and whether you would have been comfortable with those results. Volatility is a normal part of investing and investors with long-term goals should expect setbacks from time to time. If you maintain a long-term perspective, short-term swings become less significant.
But above all, if you can’t afford the risk, don’t buy the investment.
Other Posts in This Series
Permalink: https://www.ici.org/viewpoints/19_view_icief2
Christina Kilroy is vice president of the ICI Education Foundation.
TOPICS: 401(k)Exchange-Traded FundsIRAInvestment EducationMutual FundSavingsShareholder
Investing Basics: What Is Investing?
By Christina Kilroy
October 31, 2019
This month, the ICI Education Foundation celebrates 30 years of developing, delivering, and promoting investor education. As part of our yearlong celebration, we will be sharing an ICI Viewpoints post each month that explains a basic concept of investing, drawn from the ICI Education Foundation’s Investing Road Trip.
TOPICS: 401(k)Exchange-Traded FundsIRAInvestment EducationMutual FundSavingsShareholder
30 Tips to Celebrate 30 Years of Investor Education
By Christina Kilroy
September 3, 2019
For 30 years, the ICI Education Foundation has pursued its mission to advance investor education by developing, delivering, and promoting investor education to diverse audiences across a range of ages and life stages. As we kick off our celebration of the foundation’s 30th anniversary in October, we will be sharing tips for successful investing on our social media accounts over the coming weeks....
TOPICS: 401(k)IRAInvestment EducationMutual FundSavingsTaxes
Mind the Gap
By Sarah Holden and Christina Kilroy
July 22, 2019
It’s a good idea to “mind the gap” if you’re traveling on the Tube in London, taking Amtrak in the United States, or riding Metro in Paris or Washington, DC. Being mindful of the space between where you are and where you’re going is important—not only when navigating public transit, but also when saving for retirement. Saving for retirement is a career-long process, with many decisions along the way....
TOPICS: 401(k)IRAInvestment EducationMutual FundRetirement ResearchSavingsShareholderTaxes
It’s 5/29—Are You Taking Full Advantage of College Savings Opportunities?
By Sarah Holden and Christina Kilroy
May 29, 2019
Saving for an education is an important financial goal for millions of US households. In fact, nearly one-quarter of mutual fund–owning households indicate saving for educational expenses is one of their goals for their mutual fund investments. An increasingly popular way to save for college is through 529 plans, named for the section of the tax code that provides for their favorable tax treatment....
TOPICS: Investment EducationSavingsTaxes
28 Trillion Smart Decisions
By Christina Kilroy
October 22, 2018
Have you ever done one small, smart thing that ended up making a huge difference in your future? I’m not talking about blind luck—like buying a ticket that turns out to be the winner in the (currently) $1.6 billion Mega Millions. No, I’m talking about small, smart decisions that can materially affect us later in life....
TOPICS: Investment EducationMutual FundRetirement ResearchSavingsShareholderTaxes
Popular 529 Savings Plans Expand to Reach Students of All Ages
By Christina Kilroy
May 29, 2018
Today, on May 29—“5/29”—we mark 529 College Savings Day. Many people interested in saving for a child’s or grandchild’s future college costs are using targeted savings vehicles called 529 savings plans. The plans, which have grown in popularity over the past decade and a half as a way to save for a family member’s college expenses, may now also be used to cover tuition for elementary and secondary education....
TOPICS: Investment EducationSavingsTaxes
Invest in Your Future Through an IRA
By Christina Kilroy
March 13, 2018
Nearly 44 million US households invest and save for their future through individual retirement accounts (IRAs). If your household isn’t one, now is a great opportunity to join them. And if you are already saving in an IRA, there are some advantages that you may not be aware of—and that are worth knowing about as Tax Day approaches...
TOPICS: Investment EducationMutual FundRetirement ResearchSavingsShareholderTaxes
Autumn Air, Playoff Baseball, and…National Retirement Security Week
By Christina Kilroy
October 17, 2017
The baseball postseason is well underway and the air has finally turned crisp. Perhaps that’s why—as we’re marking National Retirement Security Week—our thoughts have turned to the words of Yogi Berra, the great New York Yankees catcher. He was credited with so many pithy, wise, and witty sayings that, in classic Berra style, he remarked, “I really didn't say everything I said.”
TOPICS: 401(k)Investment EducationMutual FundSavingsShareholderTaxes
It’s National 401(k) Day!
By Sarah Holden
September 8, 2017
ICI is marking National 401(k) Day by spotlighting the strengths of 401(k) plans and their role in the American retirement system, and by reminding workers to get the most of their own 401(k) plans.
TOPICS: 401(k)Investment EducationRetirement Research
New ICI Paper Helps Readers Understand ETF Listing Processes and Standards
By Jane Heinrichs and Kenneth Fang
August 10, 2017
Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) have been a part of US markets for more than 20 years, and they remain some of the most highly regulated financial products, subject to multiple and sometimes overlapping statutory schemes.
TOPICS: Exchange-Traded FundsFinancial MarketsFund RegulationInvestment Education
A 529 Day Primer: Do You Know What State Your College Savings Plans Are In?
By Christina Kilroy
May 26, 2017
You might not know that May 29 is 529 College Savings Day, or even what a Section 529 plan is. But if you’re a parent or grandparent concerned about future college costs, the day presents an opportunity to learn how 529 savings plans can help you plan for—and pay for—your loved ones’ postsecondary education expenses.
TOPICS: Investment EducationInvestor ResearchMutual FundSavings
ICI Study: Closed-End Fund Assets Were $262 Billion at Year-End 2016
By Shelly Antoniewicz
May 12, 2017
ICI recently released its annual report on the closed-end fund market, which analyzes data on closed-end funds, a type of registered investment company that issues a fixed number of shares that are traded on a stock exchange in the over-the-counter market.
TOPICS: Investment EducationInvestor Research
ICI Staff Take Local Students on an “Investing Road Trip”
By Christina Kilroy
March 31, 2017
Among the eighth graders who walked into Junior Achievement’s Finance Park were an aspiring filmmaker, a model, and a sports agent. But for their daylong budgeting simulation—where each student is assigned an age, family, debt, credit score, job, and salary—they would transform into an auto mechanic, an insurance agent, and a bus driver.
TOPICS: 401(k)Investment EducationMutual FundSavings
Three Reasons Why You Should Consider an IRA
By Sarah Holden
March 8, 2016
April 18 is the deadline to file income tax returns with the federal government this year.
Getting Started in a 401(k) Plan—and Getting the Most Out of It
By Christina Kilroy
February 26, 2016
This week, ICI and the Investment Company Institute Education Foundation (ICIEF) joined thousands of corporations, nonprofits, and government agencies to celebrate America Saves Week.
TOPICS: 401(k)Investment EducationInvestor ResearchRetirement ResearchSavings
Mutual Fund Investments in Private Placements: an Overview
By Gregory M. Smith
November 23, 2015
Given recent media interest in mutual fund investments in private placements, it might be helpful to review mutual fund disclosure and valuation obligations. How do funds handle securities that are not publicly traded?
TOPICS: Bond FundEquity InvestingFund GovernanceFund RegulationInvestment EducationMutual FundOperations and TechnologyTrading
How Millennials Are Shaping the Evolution of Investment Advice
By Christina Kilroy
June 2, 2015
The future of investment advice—as embodied in the youngest cohort of working Americans, known as the Millennial Generation—was the focus of a panel of financial services industry leaders at ICI’s 57th General Membership Meeting. The approximately 75 million 18- to 34-year-olds that make up the group have now overtaken Generation X (ages 35 to 50) as the largest generational group in the workforce, according to Pew Research Center.
TOPICS: Equity InvestingEventsGMMInvestment EducationMutual Fund
Federal Reserve Reverse Repo Facility Helps Stabilize Short-Term Money Markets
By Chris Plantier
April 17, 2015
Following a pattern observed at the end of recent quarters, money market fund holdings of European issuers dropped at the end of March, although the decline was not as large as the previous quarter, ending December 2014. As we have noted before, for regulatory reasons European banks have been paring their balance sheets at the end of each quarter, resulting in a temporary decline in their desire to borrow from money market funds.
TOPICS: BondsEuropeFederal ReserveFinancial MarketsFixed IncomeFund RegulationInvestment EducationMoney Market FundsTreasury
On Fiduciary Rule, New York Times Relies on Fatally Flawed Research
By Paul Schott Stevens
April 8, 2015
Today I submitted the following letter to the editor of the New York Times:
TOPICS: 401(k)Fund RegulationInvestment EducationRetirement PolicySavingsShareholder
Happy Birthday ERISA! Congratulations on 40 Years
By Sarah Holden and Elena Barone Chism
September 2, 2014
Today marks the 40th birthday of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA). Signed into law on September 2, 1974, ERISA introduced bold steps to safeguard Americans’ employer-sponsored pensions and created the individual retirement account (IRA). Assets earmarked for retirement totaled $0.4 trillion at year-end 1974 (see the figure below). At this modest start, private-sector defined benefit (DB) plans accounted for 35 percent of the total; federal, state, and local plans for 34 percent; private-sector defined contribution (DC) plans for 17 percent; annuities for 13 percent; and there was a mere glimmer of IRA assets by year-end. Currently, total U.S. retirement assets are $23.0 trillion, and their composition has shifted considerably over the past 40 years.
TOPICS: 401(k)Fixed IncomeGovernment AffairsInvestment EducationInvestor ResearchPolicy ResearchRetirement PolicyRetirement ResearchSavingsTaxesTreasury
European Banks Significantly Reduced Borrowing from U.S. Money Market Funds in June
By Chris Plantier
July 18, 2014
As we discussed in March and April, European banks have generally become less willing to borrow from U.S. money market funds due to regulatory pressures, especially at the end of the quarter. Specifically, the new Basel III requirements seek to increase capital ratios of banks and explicitly limit how much banks fund their operations through short-term borrowing (which includes short-term securities banks issue that money market funds invest in). This quarter-end effect was particularly strong at the end of June as European bank regulators continued to monitor bank progress toward meeting the new Basel III requirements, which will be fully phased in over the next few years.
TOPICS: BondsEuropeFederal ReserveFinancial MarketsFixed IncomeFund RegulationInvestment EducationMoney Market FundsTreasury
Some Facts About Roth IRAs and the Investors Who Use Them
By Todd Bernhardt
July 17, 2014
Since the individual retirement account (IRA) was created as part of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), it has become a resounding success, accounting for the largest pool of assets in the U.S. retirement market. By the end of 2013, Americans held $6.5 trillion in IRAs, with 45 percent of that total—$3.0 trillion—invested in mutual funds.
TOPICS: Bond FundEquity InvestingFixed IncomeInvestment EducationInvestor ResearchMutual FundRetirement ResearchSavings
Industry Leaders Reflect on Serving Investors in an Evolving World
By Christina Kilroy
June 4, 2014
Speaking on the Leadership Panel held Wednesday, May 21, at ICI’s General Membership Meeting (GMM), fund industry leaders agreed that challenges as well as opportunities abound for their businesses in today’s complex world.
TOPICS: 401(k)EventsFederal ReserveFinancial MarketsFinancial StabilityFund GovernanceFund RegulationGMMGovernment AffairsInvestment EducationMutual FundRetirement PolicyShareholder
GMM Policy Forum: BlackRock’s Larry Fink Speaks with ICI’s Paul Stevens
By Todd Bernhardt
May 21, 2014
The fund industry needs to stop focusing on the moment and start focusing on outcomes when advising investors on their resources, said Laurence D. Fink, chairman and CEO of BlackRock, at ICI’s Annual Policy Forum, part of the Institute’s 56th General Membership Meeting (GMM).
TOPICS: 401(k)BondsEventsFinancial MarketsFund RegulationGMMInternationalInvestment EducationMutual FundRetirement PolicySavingsShareholderTreasury
Seasonality, U.S. Money Market Funds, and the Borrower of Last Resort
By Chris Plantier
April 16, 2014
The March money market fund holdings data indicate a large drop in the share of fund assets allocated to European counterparties and a large increase in the share of fund assets allocated to U.S. counterparties. This shift is likely temporary and reflects reduced willingness of European banks to borrow from money market funds at the end of the quarter, rather than reduced demand from money market funds. Also, the increase in lending to U.S. counterparties is almost entirely due to the large increase in money market fund lending to the Federal Reserve via its overnight reverse-repo (repurchase agreement) facility.
TOPICS: BondsEuropeFederal ReserveFinancial MarketsFixed IncomeFund RegulationInvestment EducationMoney Market FundsTreasury
U.S. Prime Money Market Funds and European Borrowing
By Chris Plantier
March 18, 2014
European holdings by U.S. prime money market funds have fluctuated significantly since early 2011.
TOPICS: BondsFederal ReserveFinancial MarketsFixed IncomeFund RegulationInvestment EducationMoney Market FundsTreasury
Washington: Put Your (Retirement) Money Where Your Mouth Is
By Mike McNamee
March 4, 2014
When President Obama announced a new effort to expand access to retirement savings opportunities, ICI was among the first to applaud. The Administration’s “myRA” looks to provide a new option for Americans who want to put money aside for retirement, but who might not have access to a retirement plan through their workplace. These accounts would complement the wide array of investment options already available to these workers.
TOPICS: 401(k)Government AffairsInvestment EducationRetirement PolicySavingsTaxes
Money Market Funds and Liquidity Ratios: Why So High and Stable?
By Chris Plantier
February 19, 2014
Second in a series of posts about ICI’s new data release, a monthly compilation and summary of portfolio data from taxable money market funds. To find out more, read the first post about the new data summary or this list of answers to frequently asked questions.
The SEC’s 2010 money market fund reforms require taxable funds to hold at least 30 percent of their assets in securities that are deemed to be liquid within five business days (known as weekly liquidity) and at least 10 percent of their assets in securities that are deemed to be liquid in one business day (known as daily liquidity). In practice, money market funds—especially government money market funds—hold liquidity well above these minimum standards, and these ratios change very little in any given month.
TOPICS: BondsFederal ReserveFinancial MarketsFixed IncomeFund RegulationInvestment EducationMoney Market FundsTreasury
ICI’s New Data Release: Further Enhancing the Transparency of Money Market Funds
By Chris Plantier
January 21, 2014
The 2010 reforms to money market mutual funds greatly enhanced the transparency of these funds, giving regulators, analysts, and investors greater insight into important elements of funds’ holdings and operations.
The reforms required funds to disclose their entire portfolio holdings to the public on their company websites five business days after the end of each month. Money market funds also are required to file a more detailed disclosure—SEC Form N-MFP—with the Securities and Exchange Commission directly. The SEC releases this more detailed data to the public 60 days after it’s filed. The SEC does not, however, summarize the data, leaving the public with no non-commercial access to a broad look at holdings across the industry.
TOPICS: BondsFederal ReserveFinancial MarketsFixed IncomeFund RegulationInvestment EducationMoney Market FundsTreasury
America’s Retirement System Is Strong
By Sarah Holden
December 18, 2013
One year ago, ICI released its landmark study, The Success of the U.S. Retirement System, a compilation of research from a wide range of sources, which found that the country’s retirement system is fostering economic security in retirement for Americans across all income levels.
TOPICS: 401(k)Investment EducationMutual FundRetirement PolicySavingsShareholderTaxes
ICI’s Guide to Avoiding a Common 401(k) Tax Trap
By Mike McNamee
December 9, 2013
A tax trap for retirement savings is catching many smart people unaware. If allowed to go unchecked, it could harm the retirement savings of millions of Americans. A columnist for the Washington Post was just the latest in a long list of victims.
TOPICS: 401(k)Investment EducationMutual FundRetirement PolicySavingsShareholderTaxes
Revenue Estimates of Restricting Tax Deferral: It Ain’t Necessarily So
By Peter Brady
September 20, 2013
Fifth in a series of posts about retirement plans and the policy proposals surrounding them.
In previous Viewpoints posts, I explained that retirement contributions are neither tax deductions nor tax exclusions, but rather are tax deferrals. I also explained why, in my opinion, the two most prominent proposals to restrict qualified deferred compensation are flawed (post three and post four).
TOPICS: 401(k)Investment EducationMutual FundRetirement PolicySavingsShareholderTaxes
Tax Reforms Should Not Favor DB Plans over DC Plans
By Peter Brady
September 19, 2013
Fourth in a series of posts about retirement plans and the policy proposals surrounding them.
In The Tax Benefits and Revenue Costs of Tax Deferral and in two previous Viewpoints posts (post one and post two), I explained the benefits that workers get from deferring tax on compensation set aside for retirement.
TOPICS: 401(k)Investment EducationMutual FundRetirement PolicySavingsShareholderTaxes
A ‘Modest’ Proposal That Isn’t: Limiting the Up-Front Benefits of Retirement Contributions
By Peter Brady
September 18, 2013
Third in a series of posts about retirement plans and the policy proposals surrounding them.
In two previous Viewpoints posts (post one and post two), I explained the benefits that workers get from deferring tax on compensation set aside for retirement.
TOPICS: 401(k)Investment EducationMutual FundRetirement PolicySavingsShareholderTaxes
Marginal Tax Rates and the Benefits of Tax Deferral
By Peter Brady
September 17, 2013
Second in a series of posts about retirement plans and the policy proposals surrounding them.
In a previous Viewpoints post, I discussed the difference between tax deferral—the tax treatment applied to retirement savings—and tax deductions and exclusions, such as the mortgage interest deduction or the exclusion of employer-paid health insurance premiums from income. The difference is often overlooked or misunderstood, leading to inaccurate analysis and harmful policy proposals.
TOPICS: 401(k)Investment EducationMutual FundRetirement PolicySavingsShareholderTaxes
Retirement Plan Contributions Are Tax-Deferred—Not Tax-Free
By Peter Brady
September 16, 2013
First in a series of posts about retirement plans and the policy proposals surrounding them.
In today’s fiscal and political climate, taxes are never far from politicians’ minds. Whether to achieve comprehensive tax reform or to raise revenue to meet budget deficits, members of Congress are now considering changes to a range of tax code provisions—including those governing retirement policy. Any comprehensive effort to address fiscal policy or tax reform should examine every option, but some discussions of retirement policy have been misguided. The tax treatment of retirement savings—tax deferral— too often has been lumped together with tax deductions (such as the deduction from income of mortgage interest expense) and tax exclusions (such as the exclusion from income of employer-provided health insurance premiums).
TOPICS: 401(k)Investment EducationMutual FundRetirement PolicySavingsShareholderTaxes
Get a Closer Look at Closed-End Funds
By Daniel Schrass
July 30, 2013
ICI has recently updated several of its key closed-end funds resources.
TOPICS: Investment EducationInvestor Research
Key Points to Remember on Fund Fees
By Sean Collins and Bob Grohowski
July 12, 2013
Over the past two decades, investors have paid less and less to own shares of mutual funds.
GMM Panelists Discuss Retirement Savings and Financial Education
By Miriam Bridges
May 17, 2013
Americans need greater access to savings vehicles and better financial education to help ensure that they use them effectively, fund industry experts told attendees at the 55th Annual General Membership Meeting.
TOPICS: EventsGMMInvestment EducationSavings
At GMM Policy Forum, Secretary of Education Duncan Offers Steps to Address Education Crisis
By Miriam Bridges
May 9, 2012
America faces a skills crisis and other deep challenges in education, said U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan at the annual GMM policy forum, part of ICI’s 54th General Membership Meeting. In a conversation with ICI President and CEO Paul Schott Stevens, Secretary Duncan offered a range of ways to address these challenges, including specific recommendations for the fund industry.
TOPICS: EventsInvestment Education
‘One Size Fits All’ Doesn’t Fit Today’s Fund Investors
By Brian Reid
August 16, 2011
David F. Swensen is the chief investment officer of Yale University and a noted author of investment advice for the public. In books and articles over the last decade, he’s focused much of his attention on mutual funds. Yet he consistently ignores or is unaware of basic facts about how mutual funds operate, how investors seek and use funds, and how individuals manage their portfolios—gaps on full display in his latest commentary in the New York Times last weekend.
Check Your Savings Goals Next Week
By Sue Duncan
February 16, 2011
“America Saves Week” kicks off this Sunday, February 20. ICI and the ICI Education Foundation(ICIEF) encourage Americans to use the week as an opportunity to assess their savings activity and savings goals.
TOPICS: Investment Education
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